Must You Disclose Your Phone’s Unlock Code to Investigators?
Under Article 434-15-2 of the French Penal Code, refusing to give investigators your phone’s unlock code can be a criminal offence, but a conviction is never automatic. This article sets out the conditions the prosecution must prove and the resulting lines of defence, in light of the ECtHR’s Minteh v. France decision of 19 May 2026.
Crypto-assets and criminal law: what investors and professionals need to know
Holding or trading crypto-assets is not an offence, but the practices around them expose individuals to fraud, breach of trust, money laundering and unlicensed-activity charges. A useful crypto criminal defence starts with one question: what is the prosecution targeting, and on what basis?
